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Holding the Line: WASH Systems, Risk and Resilience in the Rohingya Response

Read full report – Holding the Line: WASH Systems, Risk and Resilience in the Rohingya Response here.

This publication looks beyond the infrastructure in Cox’s Bazar, particularly in Rohingya camps,  that has been built over nearly a decade and asks a critical question: what will it take to keep these systems functioning safely and sustainably?

It combines technical evidence with four human stories, showing how WASH is experienced through everyday realities—safe water, sanitation, dignity, public health and resilience. It also highlights the growing risks created by ageing infrastructure, climate pressures, operational challenges and shrinking funding. We would strongly encourage colleagues working on WASH, humanitarian financing, resilience, climate, public health, advocacy and fundraising to read and use the publication, particularly the human stories and evidence for advocacy and engagement.

Since the large-scale influx in 2017, Bangladesh and the international community have sustained an extraordinary humanitarian response for Rohingya refugees and host communities in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Nearly a decade later, the challenge is shifting from emergency delivery to sustaining critical systems, protecting hard-won gains and building more resilient pathways for the future.

In Cox’s Bazar, WASH is experienced through ordinary routines: the time a tap opens, the condition of a path after rain, the lock on a latrine door, the availability of soap, the arrival of a waste collector, and the speed with which a complaint is resolved. These routines are easy to overlook when the response is described mainly through asset counts. Yet they are where public-health protection, dignity and trust are won or lost.

Contact information:

For more information contact: [email protected]

Rise Together: Funding Climate Resilience in Tuvalu

Read full report – Rise Together – Funding Climate Resilience in Tuvalu

The people of Tuvalu stand on the frontline of a global climate emergency they had no part in causing. Their efforts to overcome the existential threats of the climate crisis come with costs that they cannot and should not carry alone.

For Tuvalu to stay resilient to the escalating climate crisis requires a matching escalation of international support, alongside redoubled efforts to ensure the equitable, effective, and transparent use of resources. Funding resilience in a climate crisis is a complex challenge for Tuvalu and its international partners, but it is essential to get it right. Nothing less than the sovereignty and fundamental rights of the Tuvaluan people depends on it.

Key to the effort will be a broadening and deepening of adaptation efforts so that no one is left behind. This requires amplifying the voice and leadership of women, persons with disabilities, youth, and others who have too often been left out of decisions on funding climate adaptation, even as they carry the heaviest burdens of the crisis.

This report features an analysis of current climate finance flows, which reveals that international investments are heavily skewed toward large-scale physical engineering, often overlooking the critical social infrastructure necessary for holistic, locally led adaptation. Furthermore, the operational reality of these large-scale projects highlights broader systemic constraints. Relatively little of the international climate finance committed to Tuvalu is actually spent in Tuvalu. The majority of funds go to international contractors and consultants and to imported equipment and supplies. While some of this international spending is necessary, especially for large infrastructure projects, Tuvalu’s economy is receiving less benefit from international projects than other similar countries. Tuvalu should develop a local procurement framework to ensure that projects supported by international partners leave behind robust institutional memory and a strengthened domestic workforce capable of sustaining long-term adaptation. This could include joint venture arrangements where appropriate, along with requirements for local employment and skills development.

Additionally, this report promotes several recommendations:

  • Formalise Climate Tracking in the National Regulatory Framework

  • Establish a Sovereign Public Climate Finance Portal

  • Formalise Participatory Fiscal Tracking

  • Implement a ‘Local Joint-Venture’ Procurement Policy

  • Negotiate Budget Support for Permanent Civil Service Roles

  • Guarantee Kaupule Access to Coordinated Climate Project Support

  • Establish a Baseline Target for ‘Social Infrastructure

Contact information:

For more information contact: [email protected]

Big Oil set to double profits as their emissions fuel deadly heatwaves

• Top six fossil fuel corporations expect Q2 profits to nearly double Q1 levels. Annual profits for 2026 are set to exceed the previous 21 months combined.

• Emissions from five fossil fuel corporations were enough to cause about 1 in 4 heatwaves between 2000 and 2023, which would have been virtually impossible without climate change.

• A tax on the richest oil and gas corporations could raise up to $400 billion in its first year, enough to cover annual climate adaptation costs in low- and middle-income countries.

The world’s six biggest fossil fuel corporations are expected to nearly double their combined net income in the second quarter of 2026, jumping from $23 billion in the previous quarter to $45 billion, reveals new Oxfam analysis ahead of their earnings announcements. New data also finds that the emissions of these corporations have significantly magnified the frequency and severity of heatwaves this century.

The projected full-year profits of BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Shell and TotalEnergies amount to $147 billion, more than their combined profits over the previous 21 months (Q2 2024 to Q4 2025). Among the biggest winners, Chevron is expected to report that it has quadrupled its profits to $1,200 a second in the last three months, while ExxonMobil’s profits are expected to have tripled to $1,800 a second.

Oil and gas corporations share an outsized responsibility for the climate crisis. New Oxfam analysis of academic data published in Nature finds that the emissions from BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and TotalEnergies were sufficient to cause around 1 in 4 heatwaves reported globally between 2000 and 2023 – heatwaves that would have been virtually impossible without human-made climate change. Using S&P Capital Trucost data, Oxfam estimates that Big Oil was responsible for $60 billion in environmental damage last year.

The findings come as record-breaking heatwaves scorch South Asia, Europe and North America, killing tens of thousands of people. Meanwhile, West African countries are struggling with devastating monsoons and floods that have upended thousands of lives and destroyed vital infrastructure across the region.

Yet rather than scaling back fossil fuel production and accelerating the transition to renewable energy, the six largest fossil fuel corporations plan to increase oil and gas production by 14 percent by 2030 compared to 2024 levels, equivalent to pumping an additional 2.5 million barrels of oil a day.

“Fossil fuel corporations are making a killing, literally and figuratively. As extreme heat, floods and storms devastate communities across the world, the industry is preparing another bonanza of profits. Families are paying the price three times over: through destroyed homes and harvests, through soaring energy prices, and through a cost-of-living crisis worsened by dependence on fossil fuels. Big Oil’s greed is incompatible with a livable planet and unless governments rein it in, they will make a mockery of international climate targets,” said Oxfam’s Climate Policy Lead Mariana Paoli.

Oxfam estimates that a tax on the profits of the largest fossil fuel corporations could raise up to $400 billion globally in its first year, enough to cover annual climate adaptation costs in the Global South. An additional excess profits tax on all corporations could generate up to $681 billion globally.

“While Big Oil fuels extreme weather events, rich countries are refusing to increase the public climate finance that poorer countries urgently need to cope with the climate crisis,” said Paoli. “Until governments make the richest polluters pay, fossil fuel corporations will keep driving us deeper into climate chaos. Taxing the richest polluters could help close the gap in funding for climate adaptation and speed the transition towards renewable energy. Fossil fuel corporations must feel the heat, not us.”

Political momentum for taxing the richest polluters is growing. Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal and Austria have called for a new windfall tax on energy profits. In Australia, where Oxfam research found that one in three coal, oil and gas corporations are paying no corporate income tax, many members of Parliament are speaking out in support of a 25 percent export tax on gas, with strong public support.

Research in 60 countries found that 28 percent of them have implemented a temporary windfall tax on excess profits from fossil fuel companies in recent years, with a further 13 percent supportive. Just 12 percent are explicitly against the measure.

Oxfam Aotearoa’s Advocacy and Policy Lead, Nick Henry, said, “Fossil fuel companies have a global responsibility for climate change. The New Zealand Government should be holding these rich polluters to account and making them pay the cost of their climate damage.”

ENDS

Notes to editors

Oxfam’s research is based on S&P Capital IQ’s consensus estimates compiled from financial analysts’ forecasts. The six largest fossil fuel corporations are due to publish their second-quarter earnings over the coming week. The projected surge in profits reflects the sharp rise in oil prices following the unlawful US and Israel war against Iran.

Download Oxfam’s methodology note.

Read Oxfam’s comprehensive investigation “Big Oil profits expected to double as the world burns”. Get the latest insights, data and investigations on global inequality through the Equals podcast and newsletter.

Analysis of peer reviewed data finds that, of the 213 heatwaves recorded between 2000 and 2023, 55 would have been virtually impossible without human-induced climate change. The historical emissions of Chevron, BP, ExxonMobil, Shell, and TotalEnergies were, on their own, enough to cross the threshold that made nearly all those heatwaves over 10,000 times more likely (50 heatwaves for TotalEnergies, 51 for the four others). This means that the emissions of any of those five corporations were enough, on their own, to cause around 1 in 4 of the heatwaves.

Countries in Europe reported over 10,000 excess deaths during the extreme heatwaves in June. Heatwaves are also killing tens of thousands of people in India. Dozens of people drowned, hundreds had to be rescued and thousands were displaced when floods struck the coasts of west Africa last month.

Oxfam estimates that an additional tax on the profits of 585 of the world’s major oil, gas and coal corporations would raise $400 billion. An additional 50 percent tax on the excess profits of all corporations other than fossil fuel energy corporations with a revenue above $100 million would raise $681 billion.

According to the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2025, the estimated adaptation finance needs of low- and middle-income countries range from $310 billion to $365 billion per year by 2035.

Read the details of Oxfam’s model for a ”rich polluter profit tax”.

Read the letter from EU Economy and Finance ministers calling for a windfall profit tax on energy corporations.

Download Oxfam Australia’s Freeloaders report.

See the country mapping of government support for fossil fuel taxes.

Contact information:

For more information or to arrange an interview, please contact: [email protected]

Building the Gaza Strip Anew: Recovery Needs and Priorities, Palestinian Vision and Ownership

A Policy Reference for Regional and Global Advocacy

Read report – “Building the Gaza Strip Anew: Recovery Needs and Priorities, Palestinian Vision and Ownership” here.

This research provides a clear and grounded vision for building the Gaza Strip anew in a way that is just, sustainable and within a unified national approach (One Palestine).

The framework sets out a viable path, not by recreating a physical territory alone, but by supporting Palestinians to restore family life, communities, institutions, livelihoods and histories, anchored in their inalienable right to self-determination. The conclusions, drawn from years of Palestinian and international agency experience in responding to war, blockade and deprivation in Palestine, are straightforward: any credible recovery framework must be Palestinian-owned, rights-based, reparations-oriented, accountable and anchored in an approach that links Gaza’s recovery to the unity of the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), including the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

The report is built on the shared position of leading Palestinian institutions and community voices: Gaza’s reconstruction must be led by Palestinians themselves, rooted in accountability and not focused on physical damage in isolation. Any meaningful reconstruction must respond to the devastation of Israel’s ongoing genocide and address the deeper injustices created by decades of unlawful occupation, blockade and dispossession. True recovery requires restoring rights, dignity and long-denied opportunities, and it must bring back social cohesion, care systems and the community networks that have been devastated.

The study sets out a principled, evidence-based framework for how Gaza can be rebuilt over the next five years. It explains the full range of challenges ahead, including homes and infrastructure repair, restoration of essential services, rebuilding care systems, reconnecting communities, and creating the foundations for long term economic independence. Each part of the plan is shaped by Palestinian expertise and lived experience, offering a coherent path forward that centres Palestinian leadership, rights and sovereignty.

It will require sustained political will, principled diplomacy and a willingness by international partners to reject approaches that are administratively convenient, but legally, politically or morally untenable, including models that deepen inequality, fragmentation, dependency, external control or socioeconomic distortions.

Contact information:

For more information contact: [email protected]

Gaza’s $71bn reconstruction will cost seven times all previous rebuilds combined, and will fail without Palestinian leadership – Oxfam warns

Oxfam and Palestinian organisations hand world leaders a blueprint for Gaza’s recovery — one that puts Palestinian ownership and accountability for Israel’s genocide at its core.

The $71.4 billion needed to rebuild Gaza is seven times, in real terms, the combined cost of reconstruction after every major Israeli military offensive there over the past two decades, a new joint Oxfam report has found.

Even that figure captures only part of what was destroyed — the physical and economic cost — not the deliberate erasure of the social fabric that holds Gaza together, which will take generations to restore.

The report Building Gaza Anew – co-authored by Oxfam, the Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS) and the Palestine Trade Centre (PalTrade) – offers a blueprint that treats Gaza’s recovery as a matter of rights and reparations, not charity. Built on extensive consultations across Gaza, it sets out for the US-chaired Board of Peace and world leaders how a reconstruction Palestinians lead can succeed – and warns that any model imposed from outside will fail, however much money sits behind it.

Oxfam analysis of successive World Bank, EU and UN assessments shows the scale of the rupture: recovery needs after the 2008-09, 2014 and 2021 wars were around $10 billion in today’s money. Each reconstruction was strangled by blockade, access restrictions and donor shortfalls, then destroyed by the following war before it was finished.

“Gaza has never been allowed to finish rebuilding. A decade after Israel’s 2014 offensive on Gaza, families were still waiting for homes that never came, and then the bombs returned,” said Amitabh Behar, Oxfam International Executive Director. “This is not fate. It is Israel’s illegal occupation and blockade, and the impunity producing the same result, war after war. Every government that funds the rubble but never the reckoning is complicit in it.”

“This is not fate. It is Israel’s illegal occupation and blockade, and the impunity producing the same result, war after war. Every government that funds the rubble but never the reckoning is complicit in it.”

Amitabh Behar, Executive Director
Oxfam International

According to the UN-EU-World Bank Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) of April 2026, Gaza has suffered $57.9 billion in total damage and economic losses, with $71.4 billion required for recovery and reconstruction over the next decade.

More than 73,000 Palestinians have been killed, 173,000 injured, 1.9 million forcibly displaced, and human development set back an estimated 77 years.

In September 2025, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry concluded that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza. The report argues that governments which armed, funded or shielded the destruction share responsibility for its repair.

The report documents how the war has erased what no damage assessment can calculate – Gaza’s knowledge, care systems, environment, and the community bonds, mosques, churches, libraries, and cultural institutions where social life once lived:

  • Knowledge and memory erased: nearly all schools are destroyed or damaged, universities levelled, thousands of teachers, professors and researchers have been killed, and libraries and archives of Palestinian history lost.

  • A care system collapsed onto women: around 58,600 households are now headed by women while female unemployment stands at 92 per cent. Oxfam’s latest care research finds most women spend 8 to 12 hours a day – some up to 16 – on unpaid care: queuing from 5am to fill 20 litres of water, cooking single meals for hours over firewood or burning rubbish, and nursing the injured.

  • Broken bodies and stripped dignity: around one in four injuries is life-changing, more than 50,000 people need long-term rehabilitation, and an estimated 83 per cent of people with disabilities were forced to abandon their assistive devices. Many have been living in tents or shelters built for 2,000 that at times held 20,000, with as many as 650 people sharing a single toilet.

  • A land poisoned: orchards that took decades to grow, greenhouses and topsoil have been destroyed; farmland contaminated with heavy metals and explosive residue; the coastal aquifer is collapsing; and raw sewage is flowing into the sea, bringing back once-eradicated diseases including polio.

“What was destroyed in Gaza was not merely steel and concrete. Israel eradicated an entire social and economic world, built up over generations, and only Palestinians can rebuild it.”

Mohammad Skaik, Gaza Program Manager
PalTrade

“What was destroyed in Gaza was not merely steel and concrete. Israel eradicated an entire social and economic world, built up over generations, and only Palestinians can rebuild it,” said Mohammad Skaik, Gaza Program Manager, PalTrade.

“Reconstruction is not only a humanitarian task; it is a political one. A plan designed in foreign capitals, however well-funded, would be a cosmetic exercise – simply another form of control over Palestinian land and lives. Our consultations across Gaza carried one unmistakable message: nothing about our future without us,” adds Misyef Jamil, Senior Researcher at MAS.

The report sets out a five-year framework for recovery and rebuilding grounded in Palestinian ownership at every stage, underpinned by rights-based principles and a single national vision linking Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It rejects externally imposed models that sideline Palestinian agency or fragment Palestinian territory, including any international trusteeship over Gaza, and calls for coordination with the EU, Egypt, Arab Gulf states, the UN and international agencies, anchored in international law and protected from profit-driven models of recovery.

Ahead of the 81st session of the UN General Assembly and upcoming donor talks, the report sets a clear test for the Board of Peace and every government funding Gaza’s recovery: transfer real decision-making power to Palestinians, dismantle the blockade and restrictions that have strangled every previous reconstruction, guarantee accountability for Israel’s genocide, and commit to a political horizon that ends the occupation and delivers the Palestinian self-determination owed for decades.

“The world has become very good at costing Gaza’s destruction but very bad at stopping it,” said Behar. “Palestinians have now set out how their recovery can actually succeed. Back their plan, end the impunity, and Gaza can be rebuilt for the last time.”

Notes to editors

Download a copy of Building Gaza Anew: A Framework for a Palestinian-led Recovery Before Reconstruction, 23 July 2026.

Methodology of the “seven times” figure: Oxfam compared recovery-needs assessments across Gaza’s major wars since 2008 (smaller escalations excluded), adjusted to constant 2025 US dollars using US CPI-U. 2008–09 (PA National Early Recovery and Reconstruction Plan): $2.78bn nominal / $4.17bn real; 2014 (Detailed Needs Assessment, PA/UN/EU/WB): $3.9bn / $5.30bn; 2021 (Gaza RDNA, WB/UN/EU): $485m / $576m. Combined: c. $10.1bn real. The final Gaza RDNA (EU/UN/World Bank, 20 April 2026) puts 2023 needs at $71.4bn — 7.1 times the combined total (6.8 times on physical damage). The 2012 escalation is excluded as no joint assessment exists. Assessment methodologies and time horizons differ across years (the 2021 assessment covered 24 months; the 2026 RDNA a decade); figures are indicative of order of magnitude. Source: World Bank, UN and EU assessments; US Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI-U. Full source register available on request.

The final EU/UN/World Bank RDNA report estimates $57.9bn in damage and losses, $71.4bn in recovery needs over a decade, including $26.3bn in the first 18 months. Over half of the physical damage was homes (accounting for $18bn).

Figures on the number of Palestinians killed or injured are based on UN OCHA.

Pledges are not disbursements: of the $5.4bn pledged at the 2014 Cairo conference, roughly half of the Gaza portion was ever delivered (World Bank tracking). Of the $17bn pledged via the Board of Peace (February 2026), only a small fraction had been disbursed as of May 2026.

The UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry concluded on 16 September 2025 that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza. The International Court of Justice ordered provisional measures in the case brought by South Africa beginning January 2024.

The 58,600 women-headed households, 92% female unemployment and 83% assistive devices figures based on the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2025. Source: UN and PCBS.

The unpaid care findings draw on Oxfam’s Rapid Care Analysis for Gaza published in January 2026 (data collected 15 November – 1 December 2025), based on 14 focus groups with 156 women and girls across Gaza, the Middle Area and Khan Younis, plus 13 key informant interviews.

The report offers a comprehensive, evidence-based vision for Gaza’s recovery and reconstruction. It draws on focus group consultations with over 70 Palestinian experts, academics and private sector and civil society representatives, conducted in Gaza by the Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS) and the Palestine Trade Centre (PalTrade), alongside 13 expert interviews informing its gender, disability and inclusion analysis.

Contact information:

For more information contact: [email protected]

Thousands forced to use one water source from Ebola treatment site in Democratic Republic of the Congo – Oxfam

  • NGO community-based outreach at just 10 per cent due to lack of funding

  • Health facilities overwhelmed as some operating at over 130 per cent capacity

Two months into the world’s largest Bundibugyo Ebola outbreak in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, up to 20,000 people are being forced to fetch drinking water from a single water source inside the grounds of an Ebola treatment center in Bunia because they have no alternative.

Oxfam staff report that most health centers in Ebola hotspots remain without clean water and sanitation support – leaving dangerous gaps in one of the most important defences against Ebola transmission.

Dr. Manenji Mangundu, Oxfam Country Director for Democratic Republic of the Congo, said:

“Without clean water and functioning sanitation, the basic conditions needed to halt transmission of the Ebola virus simply do not exist. When families are forced to collect water from inside treatment compounds because there is nowhere else to go, this is no longer a public health crisis with a water problem. It is a public health crisis with a lit fuse.”

More than 2,011 Ebola cases have been confirmed with 754 deaths reported across 42 health zones in eastern DRC, according to the DRC’s Ministry of Health. Despite the growing toll, the response continues to dangerously lag behind with around 70 new cases reported nearly every day.

The virus is also spreading beyond the initial epicenter, with health authorities confirming new cases in Tshopo, Haut-Uélé provinces and most recently in Kisangani, a city of more than 1.6 million people extending the outbreak’s proximity closer to two additional international borders, South Sudan and the Central African Republic.

Contact tracing has now reached 67.4 per cent coverage well below the more than 90 per cent achieved at the same stage of the Ebola outbreak in 2018, leaving a significant gap in efforts to contain the spread of the disease.

At the same time, funding shortages are pushing Ebola treatment centers beyond their limits. Several facilities in North Kivu and Ituri are operating beyond their capacity with some operating at over 130 per cent forcing health workers to care for growing numbers of patients without sufficient resources.

As treatment centers get full, many people with suspected Ebola cases cannot be admitted and remain instead in the community or are treated in poorly equipped primary healthcare facilities, diminishing their chances of survival and exposing health workers and communities to additional transmission. In one case, a woman with suspected virus had to wait for four hours for an ambulance because only one vehicle was available to transport patients.

“Health workers are doing everything they can, but many are working without even basic protective equipment like gloves, and that’s why we are seeing high rates of infection among medical staff across different locations in Ituri. The health centers were not prepared” said Mangundu.

Funding shortages are also slowing down community outreach activities, one of the most critical components to stop the spread of misinformation and improve surveillance. Two months on, only 10 per cent of the community mobilisers needed have been deployed due to lack of funding, a fraction of what is needed to help contain transmission according to Centre for Diseases Prevention (CDC)

“Rumours are filling the vacuum. People are either unaware of the outbreak or too afraid to seek treatment. They are dying at home. Every community death we cannot reach is a transmission chain we cannot break.” added Mangundu.

Oxfam is calling for the urgent investment to restore safe water and better equip health facilities and communities so that families can have basic protection mechanisms. Every delay without action allows the virus to spread further putting more lives at risk.

Ends

Notes to editors

Oxfam is one of the few organisations providing water, sanitation and community engagement support in Butembo, Mongwalu and Rwampara zones. Oxfam urgently needs 10 million euro in funding to restore basic water and sanitation services in affected health zones before the outbreak spirals further.

Oxfam is also supporting community volunteers with training and public information activities to help families understand how to protect themselves from Ebola and to stop misinformation.

Contact information:

For more information contact: [email protected]